next.js: next/image broken in AWS Amplify for 13.4.13+

Verify canary release

• I verified that the issue exists in the latest Next.js canary release

Provide environment information

Operating System:
      Platform: win32
      Arch: x64
      Version: Windows 10 Enterprise
    Binaries:
      Node: 18.17.0
      npm: 9.8.1
      Yarn: 4.0.0-rc.48
      pnpm: N/A
    Relevant Packages:
      next: 13.4.13
      eslint-config-next: 13.4.13
      react: 18.2.0
      react-dom: 18.2.0
      typescript: 5.1.6
    Next.js Config:
      output: N/A

note that this is probably not helpful, as it runs locally under this environment

I don't have a way to get details on the amplify hosting environment

Which area(s) of Next.js are affected? (leave empty if unsure)

Image optimization (next/image, next/legacy/image)

Link to the code that reproduces this issue or a replay of the bug

https://github.com/blathersbugs/nextjs-13.4.13-amplify-images-issue-repro

To Reproduce

deploy repository to aws amplify view in browser

you can see it here: https://main.d2qhtpew952tt6.amplifyapp.com/

repository uses dynamically build links (created as static strings) with next/image uses middleware to append locale to url and locale to build url

Describe the Bug

images load as broken links, this worked in 13.4.12 there have been a few bug reports about this breaking in the past.

Expected Behavior

Images load and are optimized

tests should be implemented so this doesn’t keep breaking.

Which browser are you using? (if relevant)

pretty sure this doesn’t matter, but Chrome Version 115.0.5790.171 (Official Build) (64-bit)

How are you deploying your application? (if relevant)

AWS Amplify