moby: Unable to pull new images in Docker versions > 23.0.1

Description

In a Windows Server Environement it seems to be impossible to pull images.

I have installed DockerCE as explained here https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/quick-start/set-up-environment?tabs=dockerce#windows-server-1. We do have one server running Docker CE Standalone and one cluster running Docker CE Swarm.

I have started with Docker 23.0.1 which worked fine, but due to security issues I updated it to the latest version which ist 23.0.6.

Now when I try to pull an image that is not present in cache it fails with the following error:

docker image pull portainer/portainer-ee:2.15.0
2.15.0: Pulling from portainer/portainer-ee
5c9d6483dab1: Extracting [==================================================>]  103.2MB/103.2MB
72e1fd46c625: Download complete
27fce5bd47b6: Download complete
e4559fd71318: Download complete
failed to register layer: strconv.ParseInt: parsing "": invalid syntax

Reproduce

Install Docker CE 23.0.2 or hight on Windows Server 2019 as explained here: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/quick-start/set-up-environment?tabs=dockerce#windows-server-1

Then try to pull any image (portainer-ee is just an example).

docker image pull portainer/portainer-ee:2.15.0

Expected behavior

docker image pull portainer/portainer-ee:2.15.0 should pull the image sucessfully.

docker version

Client:
 Version:           23.0.6
 API version:       1.42
 Go version:        go1.19.9
 Git commit:        ef23cbc
 Built:             Fri May  5 21:18:35 2023
 OS/Arch:           windows/amd64
 Context:           default

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          23.0.6
  API version:      1.42 (minimum version 1.24)
  Go version:       go1.19.9
  Git commit:       9dbdbd4
  Built:            Fri May  5 21:17:32 2023
  OS/Arch:          windows/amd64
  Experimental:     false

docker info

Client:
 Context:    default
 Debug Mode: false

Server:
 Containers: 18
  Running: 18
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 0
 Images: 17
 Server Version: 23.0.6
 Storage Driver: windowsfilter
  Windows:
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: ics internal l2bridge l2tunnel nat null overlay private transparent
  Log: awslogs etwlogs fluentd gcplogs gelf json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Default Isolation: process
 Kernel Version: 10.0 17763 (17763.1.amd64fre.rs5_release.180914-1434)
 Operating System: Microsoft Windows Server Version 1809 (OS Build 17763.4377)
 OSType: windows
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 4
 Total Memory: 16GiB
 Name: 
 ID: 
 Docker Root Dir: 
 Debug Mode: false
 HTTP Proxy: http://1.2.3.4:3128
 No Proxy: localhost
 Username: 
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Live Restore Enabled: false
 Product License: Community Engine

Additional Info

No response