Example Code

Here is a test that exhibits a deadlock.

[Fact]
public void MTaskFold_InAsyncContextWithTaskWaitingForActivation_Halts() =>
  AsyncContext.Run(() => MTaskFold_WithTaskWaitingForActivation_Halts());

private static void MTaskFold_WithTaskWaitingForActivation_Halts() {
  var intTask = TimeSpan
    .FromMilliseconds(100)
    .Apply(Task.Delay)
    .ContinueWith(_ => 0);

  var actual = default(MTask<int>)
    .Fold(intTask, 0, (x, y) => 0)
    (Unit.Default);

  // execution terminates by reaching here
}

The type AsyncContext is from the NuGet package Nito.AsyncEx.

Expected Behavior

As stated in the test, the expected behavior is that the test terminates.

Actual Behavior

The test does not terminate. Here is the source code under test.

[Pure]
public Func<Unit, S> Fold<S>(Task<A> ma, S state, Func<S, A, S> f) => _ =>
{
  if (ma.IsFaulted) return state;
  return f(state, ma.Result);
};

The test does not terminate because of a deadlock that is caused when calling ma.Result.

Possible Fix

Stephen Cleary, an expert on this topic and author of the aforementioned NuGet package Nito.AsyncEx, explains why this deadlock occurs. To summarize, my understanding is that it is a best practice to not call Task.Result unless Task.Status == TaskStatus.RanToCompletion. This is not true in the example that I have provided. Instead it is in the state TaskStatus.WaitingForActivation.

Otherwise, the best practice is to await the task after calling Task.ConfigureAwait(false). I don’t see how you can do this without changing the return type of Fold. If I may adjust the return type slightly from Func<Unit, S> to Func<Unit, Task<S>>, then I would implement Stephen’s best practice suggestion like this.

[Pure]
public Func<Unit, Task<S>> Fold<S>(Task<A> ma, S state, Func<S, A, S> f) => async _ =>
{
    if (ma.IsFaulted) return state;
    return f(state, await ma.ConfigureAwait(false));
};

This new return type seems more natural to me. My understanding of monads is that you are not allowed to just extract the underlying value of the monad. Unfortunately, Fold is doing just that when it calls Task.Result. However, I have only recently started using monads and your library, so I know that I still have a great deal to learn and that it is very possible that I am misunderstanding something here.

Thank you for considering my bug report. I am interested to hear your thoughts about it.