eleventy: Use shortcode inside a included block?

I’m using Nunjucks with Front Matter to create a simple page builder.

My page.njk include “blocks” like this:

{% for block in blocks %}
  {% include "blocks" + "/" + block.template + ".njk" %}
{% endfor %}

And my Front Matter for a page with blocks:

---
title: "Page title"
blocks:
- template: image
  image: "/images/laura-davidson-qbah4ildazy-unsplash.jpg"
- template: another-block
...
---

The end gold is to use a shortcode to render an image using eleventy-img. But when I add the image shortcode Nunjucks stops rendering my block. No errors, nothing. It doesn’t matter if I use a hardcoded image like: {% image "assets/images/photo.png", "Alt <3 11ty" %} (that shortcode works fine outside of my block) or if i try to use image data from Front Matter. Other shortcodes work fine.

Are there a limitation in using the image shortcode this way?